1.
What are
the advantages of using .NET ?
Consistent Programming Model:
Different
programming languages have different approaches for doing a task. For example,
accessing data with a VB application and a VC++ application is totally
different. A developer has to know bothdifferent techniques to do the task. In
case of .NET Environment, for the same example, displaying data from database
in a grid accessing data with a VB.NET and a C# is very similar except slight
syntactical differences. Both the programs use the System.Data namespace,
establish a connection with the database and run a query and displays the data
on a data grid.
Language Independence:
Language
Independence means the developer has the independence to code one module of an
application in one language and other module of same application in other
language. This language interoperability can help in code reuse and improve the
efficiency of the development process.
No versioning Problem - Easy
Application Deployment and Maintenance:
The
.NET Framework makes deployment of applications easy. Commonly, to install an
application all we need to do is, copy the application along with the
components it requires into a directory on the computer. The .NET handles the
details of locating and loading the components an application needs, even if
several versions of the same application exist on the computer. The .NET
ensures that all the components the application depends on are available on the
computer before the application begins to run.
Improved Security:
The
.NET Framework provides several mechanisms for protecting resources and code
from unauthorized users:
·
ASP.NET
Web Application Security provides a way to control
access to a web site by comparing authenticated permissions with File System
permissions for proper authorization.
·
Code
access security uses permissions to control the code
accessing protected resources and operations. The computer systems are
protected from suspicious mobile code and provide a way to run mobile code to
safely.
·
Role-based
security provides information needed to make decisions about user’s
permissions.
Support for Web Services:
Web
services are remote databases and programs, which access other computers to
read the data files. Web services provide many built in Base Class library
facilities which open up a whole new world of information for users.
Dynamic Web:
Content
that changes with the user and user preferences is an example of dynamic web
content. Dynamic web content is easier to create with .NET. ASP.NET and Visual
Studio.NET allow developers to create dynamic web much easier than IIS and ASP
technologies.
Visual Studio.NET:
Visual
Studio.NET is the Microsoft application and interface for programming in .NET.
Visual Studio .NET provides all the programming advantages mentioned so far.
This development environment has extensive set of ready to use controls, good
debugging facilities, easy and simple programming features and vast set of .NET
Base Classes.
1.
Explain
different features of .NET.
2.
What
is .NET ?
List the advantage of
.NET frame work.
Consistent Programming Model:
Different
programming languages have different approaches for doing a task. For example,
accessing data with a VB application and a VC++ application is totally
different. A developer has to know bothdifferent techniques to do the task. In
case of .NET Environment, for the same example, displaying data from database
in a grid accessing data with a VB.NET and a C# is very similar except slight
syntactical differences. Both the programs use the System.Data namespace,
establish a connection with the database and run a query and displays the data
on a data grid.
Language Independence:
Language
Independence means the developer has the independence to code one module of an
application in one language and other module of same application in other
language. This language interoperability can help in code reuse and improve the
efficiency of the development process.
No versioning Problem - Easy Application
Deployment and Maintenance:
The .NET
Framework makes deployment of applications easy. Commonly, to install an
application all we need to do is, copy the application along with the
components it requires into a directory on the computer. The .NET handles the
details of locating and loading the components an application needs, even if
several versions of the same application exist on the computer. The .NET
ensures that all the components the application depends on are available on the
computer before the application begins to run.
Improved Security:
The .NET
Framework provides several mechanisms for protecting resources and code from
unauthorized users:
ASP.NET Web Application Security provides a way to
control access to a web site by comparing authenticated permissions with File
System permissions for proper authorization
·
Code access
security uses
permissions to control the code accessing protected resources and operations.
The computer systems are protected from suspicious mobile code and provide a
way to run mobile code to safely.
·
Role-based
security provides
information needed to make decisions about user’s permissions.
Support for Web Services:
Web
services are remote databases and programs, which access other computers to
read the data files. Web services provide many built in Base Class library
facilities which open up a whole new world of information for users.
Dynamic Web:
Content
that changes with the user and user preferences is an example of dynamic web
content. Dynamic web content is easier to create with .NET. ASP.NET and Visual
Studio.NET allow developers to create dynamic web much easier than IIS and ASP
technologies.
Visual Studio.NET:
Visual
Studio.NET is the Microsoft application and interface for programming in .NET.
Visual Studio .NET provides all the programming advantages mentioned so far.
This development environment has extensive set of ready to use controls, good
debugging facilities, easy and simple programming features and vast set of .NET
Base Classes.
1.
Explain
.NET framework?
The .NET Framework is the foundation on
which you can design, develop, and deploy applications. It is the core of the
.NET infrastructure. It exists as a layer between the .NET applications and the
underlying operating system. The .NET Framework encapsulates much of the basic
functionality, such as debugging and security services, which was earlier built
into various programming languages.
2.
What is
unsafe code? Explain.
Unsafe code refers to
the code that is processed with low security levels. There are situations where
access to pointer types becomes a necessity. For example, interfacing with the
underlying operating system, accessing a memory-mapped device, or implementing
a time-critical algorithm may not be possible without access to pointers. To
address this need, C# provides the ability to write unsafe code. In unsafe
code, it is possible to declare and operate on pointers, to perform conversions
between pointers and integral types, to take the address of variables, and so
forth. In a sense, it is like writing C code within a C# program. Unsafe code
must be clearly marked with the modifier unsafe, so developers cannot possibly
use unsafe features accidentally. When CLR finds this unsafe modifier, the execution engine works to ensure that the
unsafe code cannot be executed in an untrusted environment.
3.
Explain the following:
b) JIT compiler.
JIT compilation converts IL into its
native machine code. The name JIT is because it compiles portion of code as and
when required at runtime.
4.
How .NET
remoting different from web services and DCOM ?
The differences between .NET Remoting and
Web services are listed as follows:
·
ASP.NET
based Web services can only be accessed over HTTP, whereas the .NET Remoting
can be used across any protocol.
·
Web
services work in a stateless environment where each request results in a new
object created to service the request. .NET Remoting supports state management
options and can identify multiple calls from the same client.
·
Web
services serialize objects through XML contained in the SOAP messages and can
thus only handle items that can be fully expressed in XML. .NET Remoting relies
on the existence of the metadata within assemblies that contain information
about data types. This limited metadata information is passed about an object,
when it is passed by reference.
·
Web
services support interoperability across platforms and are good for
heterogeneous environments. .NET Remoting requires the clients to be by built
using .NET, which means a homogeneous environment.
The
difference between .NET Remoting and DCOM is listed as follows:
·
DCOM
relies on a proprietary binary protocol that not all object models support. It
also wants to communicate over a range of ports that are typically blocked by
firewalls. However, .NET Remoting supports different transport protocol formats
and communication protocols. This allows .NET Remoting to be adaptable to the
network environment in which it is being used.
1.
Write a
program in C# to display “Welcome to C Sharp”. Explain the program.
The C# program
is as follows:
using System;
namespace
ConsoleApplication1
{
class Welcome
{
static void Main()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Welcome
to C Sharp");
Console.Read();
}
}
}
The important points to be noted in this
program are:
·
Main
method: Program execution begins with the Main
method.
·
Input and
output: The WriteLine function displays the
string on the standard output device.
·
Compilation and
execution: To compile the program, enter the
following command:
cscWelcome.cs
To execute the program, enter the
following command:
Welcome
2.
How does C#
supports multiple inheritance?
C#
directly does not support multiple inheritance. But we can use this feature by using
interface. Interface supports multiple inheritance.
interfaceIControl
{
void Paint();
}
interfaceITextBox: IControl //ITextBox inherits IControl
{
voidSetText(string text);
}
interfaceIListBox: IControl //IListBox inherits IControl
{
voidSetItems(string[] items);
}
interfaceIComboBox: ITextBox, IListBox {}
the
interface IComboBox inherits from both ITextBox and IListBox. Classes and
structs can implementmultiple interfaces.
1.
Define
the following :
CLR,
CTS, CLS, Intermediate language.
CLR:The CLR
loads and executes the code. Code management is a fundamental principle of the
runtime. It also provides services such as memory management, thread
management, remoting, type safety, code security, and robustness.
CTS:The CTS
is a standardized set of basic data types. This system provides a way to
language interoperability. An object implemented in one .NET supported language
can call an object implemented in another .NET supported language.
CLS: Common
Language Specification (CLS) is a set of rules for basic language features that
have been defined to enhance and ensure language interoperability.
2.
Give
the classification of comman data type system.
3.
What is the
function of CTS ? Explain the classification of types in CTS with a diagram.
The
CTS defines how types are declared, used, and managed in the runtime. It is
important for language interoperability. The CTS performs the following
functions:
·
Establishes a common framework that
enables cross-language integration, type safety, and high performance code
execution.
·
Provides an object-oriented model.
·
Defines rules that languages must follow,
so that different languages can interact with each other
CTS
can be classified into:
·
Value types
·
Reference types
The
following diagram illustrates type classification.
Value
types directly store data in the variable. Value types can be built-in type,
user-defined types, or enumerations.
Reference
types store a reference to the data's memory address. Reference types can be
self-describing types, pointer types, or interface types. Self-describing types
are further split into arrays and class types. The class types are user-defined
classes, boxed value types, and delegates.
All
types derive from the System.Object base type
4.
What is
operator overloading? Explain with an example.
Operator overloading
refers to loading an operator to perform different operations on different data
types on different contexts. To overload an operator in a class, one defines a
method by using the 'operator' keyword.
The following program uses operator overloading
to create a complex number class ComplexAdd that defines complex addition. The
program displays the imaginary and the real parts of the
numbers and the addition result using an override of the ToString method.
// complexAdd.cs
using System;
public struct
ComplexAdd
{
public int r;
public int img;
public Complex(int r,
int img)
{
this.r = r;
this.img = img;
}
// Declare which operator to overload
public static
ComplexAdd operator +(ComplexAdd c1, ComplexAdd c2)
{
return new
ComplexAdd(c1.r + c2.r, c1.img + c2.img);}
// Override the ToString method to display a
complex number in a required format:
public override string
ToString()
{
return(String.Format("{0}
+ {1}i", r, img));}
public static void
Main()
{
ComplexAdd var1 = new ComplexAdd(5,3);
Complex var2 = new Complex(6,2);
// Add two Complex objects (var1 and
var2) through the
// overloaded plus operator:
ComplexAdd total = var1 + var2;
// Print the numbers and the sum using the
overridden ToString method:
Console.WriteLine("First
complex number: {0}",var1);
Console.WriteLine("Second
complex number: {0}",var2);
Console.WriteLine("The
sum of the two numbers: {0}",total);}}
Output
First
complex number: 5 + 3i
Second
complex number: 6 + 2i
The sum of the two
numbers: 11 + 5i
